Assessment

Estonia: A small country with big results

Asked to name any of the top performing education systems in the world, Estonia is unlikely to be one of the first to spring to mind. But the unassuming Baltic country is drawing attention from educationalists around the globe for the way it is punching well above its weight. It is the top European country in the PISA rankings. Only China and Singapore rank higher. And, it was achieved on a budget smaller than the OECD average. How did the former Soviet state accomplish such a feat? AQi looks at the role digitisation plays in Estonia’s enviable education system.

Date01/06/23

AuthorAQi team

Estonian pupils study using some of the most up to date educational tools in the world

In one classroom, robotics lessons are delivered to seven-year-olds. Next door pupils wear virtual reality headsets to enliven a geography class.
And down the corridor in the staffroom a teacher and parent meet online for a weekly catch-up session to analyse their child’s performance data.

You may think that this is an academy for the ‘gifted and talented’ but it’s not. This is a standard Estonian public school.

How the Estonian education system works

Estonia's Tiger Leap into the digital world and educational success

Since 1996, when former President, Toomas Hendrik Ilves, and Education Minister, Jaak Aaviskoo, unveiled Tiger Leap – an ambitious plan to modernise Estonian society – the country has focused on moving its schools away from traditional learning tools such as paper textbooks and whiteboards towards computerisation, the internet and digital tools.

Tiger Leap deliberately drew on the country’s well of expertise built up before the fall of the Berlin Wall, when it was a hub of Soviet computer manufacturing.

By 1998, 97% of schools were connected to the world wide web and most had swapped their outdated Juku computers for IBM models. Two years later, every school was connected to the internet.

Digital versions of all educational material – textbooks, workbooks and other learning tools - had been created by 2015.

As a sign of how digitally literate Estonian society is, nearly every direct public service in Estonia – such as voting and paying taxes – is available online and 93% of the population access them using secure eID cards or mobile phones.

Estonian digital classrooms

Today, all pupils can work on iPads or classroom computers using dedicated software, apps and digital hardware, including virtual reality headsets.

Every public school uses a comprehensive ‘Learning Management System’ such as eKool or Stuudium.

Advocates say these bespoke edtech tools – created by the Estonian private sector in collaboration with schools – together with intense professional development of teachers and educational technologists, are the cornerstone of the country’s educational success.

They allow educators, pupils and their families to study, communicate and organise efficiently.

Total spending on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP

Public spending on education as a percentage of total government spending

Total spending per student (US$)

Estonia's schoolchildren have their head in the cloud

Students have ‘e-schoolbags’ where all their learning materials are stored in the cloud. Hard copies are available for those who want them.

They submit assignments online and store their portfolios there too.

Because all work is done and marked online, extensive progress data can be collected and analysed showing exactly how an individual is performing.

Estonian children studying robotics and informatics in class

Data driven teaching and interventions

School staff do the data entry which is then open to scrutiny by teachers, parents and children.

Among the information available are lesson topics and homework, individual grades, timetables, attendance records and school news.

The statistics lead to swift, fine-tuned feedback and interventions where necessary.

Formative assessment is used to mark academic progress on a regular basis. Students are assessed every three years against set criteria in which even their attitudes, behaviours and values are considered.

The feedback from these assessments creates the base of an individualised future learning programme.

Estonian examination system

The first national exam students sit come when they are 17 at the end of their Basic schooling. They sit three internally marked papers – Estonian, maths, and a third chosen by the student.

All three have to be passed and a creative project completed before they can enter Secondary education.

Those opting for academic Secondary education take four exams at 19 - Estonian, maths, another language and a General Secondary School Exam.

They also complete a research paper or practical work carried out over the three years.

Graduating allows them to move into Higher Education.

Those on vocational courses take part in work placements of up to 50% of learning hours and then sit professional qualifications.

How are Estonian schools and teachers assessed?

External inspections used during the Soviet era were replaced with self-evaluation by principals.

These cover perceived weaknesses and used to devise a School Development Plan along with input from teachers and students.

Teacher assessments are also carried out by principals.

Teachers have a 35 hour statutory working week and at Secondary level 63% of teachers’ working time is formally dedicated to non-teaching activities.

Holding Estonian education system to account

On the surface allowing schools to mark their own students’ exams, carry out internal assessments and teacher evaluations may appear to lack transparency.

But, as with almost everything in Estonia, all the data can be revealed at the click of a mouse on an open access database.

The academic performance and characteristics of each school are constantly evaluated and the results are fully public.

This helps the best performing schools attract more pupils and in turn more funding.

A programme of school closures to account for falling student numbers means that the worst performers are shut down.

Estonia's education success: The takeaway

Estonia’s success appears to be based on the digital education revolution which started from a strong base.

But it has to be said that money does not seem to have been a deciding factor.

There is much that educationalists and policymakers can learn from studying what the former Soviet state has achieved and the way it has done that.

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Estonia: A small country with big results

Estonia's Tiger Leap into the digital world and educational success

Estonian digital classrooms

Estonia's schoolchildren have their head in the cloud

Data driven teaching and interventions

Estonian examination system

How are Estonian schools and teachers assessed?

Holding Estonian education system to account

Estonia's education success: The takeaway

Assessing oracy: Is Comparative Judgement the answer?

TV subtitles as an aid to literacy: What does the research say?

What is left behind now education’s Data Wave has receded?

Finland & PISA – A fall from grace but still a high performer?

PISA, TIMSS and PIRLS: What actually are they and what do they tell us?

Adaptive Assessment: A missing ingredient in the resit recipe?

Student success: Every milestone matters

Progress 8 – How much can it flex?

Progress 8 – Schools’ flexible friend?

2023: A year in review

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